It was a difficult beginning, actually around all the changes of the breakdown of the Soviet Union and the emerging new independent states including Armenia and Georgia. Strong cultural traditions helped much to cope with the new challenges of modernization. Adult education and its services in community-based learning, skills training, reconciliation projects, and ever growing chances for exchange and networking played important roles.

The relationship between the University of Glasgow’s School of Education and the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune has been strengthened over the last two years as staff from both institutions worked collaboratively on a range of projects to strengthen and promote STEM pedagogies and Collaborative, Online, International Learning (COIL) for pre-service and in-service science teachers.